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p. 3

ALPHABET.

a

Like a in German Mann.

e

Like e in helmet.

i

Like i in it.

o

Like o in German Mord.

u

Like u in German Furcht.

â

Like a in car.

ê

Like ea in great.

î

Like ee in teem.

ô

Like o in rose.

û

Like oo in loo.

êi

Long e with an i-tinge.

ôu

Long o with a u-tinge.

í, ú

Vowels of very short quantities.

ä

As in German wählen.

a, e, i, E

Superior vowels indicated only by the position of the mouth.

E

Obscure vowel.

ai

Like i in island.

au

Like ou in mouth.

eu

Diphthong e + u.

q

Velar k.

q!

Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion.

ɣ

Velar spirant produced way back in the palate, which often sounds like weak r.

x

Like ch in German Bach.

g, k

As in English, sonants and surds difficult to distinguish.

k!

Like k, with very great stress of explosion.

g.

Palatized g.

k.

Palatized k.

k.!

Palatized explosive k.

x.

Palatized ch.

d, t

As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish.

t!

Like t, with very great stress of explosion.

t`

Aspirated t.

s

As in English.

c

Like sh in English she.

dj

Like j in English judge.

ts

As in English sits.

tc

Like ch in English church.

p. 4

 

ts!, tc!

Same as preceding, but with very great stress of explosion.

b, p

As in English, surds and sonants difficult to distinguish.

p!

Like p, with very great stress of explosion.

l, m, n

As in English.

n

Vocalized n.

l, m, n

Very long.

ɫ

Spirant lateral.

L

Sonant lateral pronounced very much like dl.

L

Surd lateral pronounced very much like tl.

L!

Same as preceding, with very great stress of explosion.

?

Glottal catch.

x

Velar aspiration.

x.

Palatal aspiration.

h, y, w

As in English.

'

Stress accent.

~

Accent with an interrogative intonation.

 


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